Four years ago I determined the Sony MDREX15LP were the best cheap earbuds. Since then I’ve gone through many pairs. I continued to use one pair after another (they don’t really wear out, usually I lose a pair somehow) with a lightning to headphone adapter, but that’s starting to fray after some hard living.
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Starting with go 1.13, the go.mod proxy server is enabled by default. Part of, or adjacent to, the proxy is also a checksum database. It caches things, and in particular it caches negative results, which may be surprising or frustrating. One option is to avoid it entirely, but should you use the proxy, it has some caveats.
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The Samsung ATIV Book 9 (note: no Plus) is a slightly older laptop from 2015, but I happened to find one on the cheap. In essence, it is the PC version of the 12 inch retina macbook. I thought it would make a good alternative travel laptop, but the usual selling price is a bit steep unless you find a good bargain. I did, so here I am and here it is.
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Every software project has a backlog of enhancement requests, unimplemented features. It may be explicitly tracked in a database, or perhaps just a sort of informal consensus among developers. Whether officially acknowledged or not, it exists.
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Complex systems are hard to debug. When there’s too many pieces for any one person to understand, how can we know what we know?
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Some people write blog posts. Some people read blog posts. Sometimes readers find that the writers do not explain everything they expected to be explained. I typically prefer to write about things other than my own writing, but occasionally there are exceptions.
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One way to slip malicious code into a project is to hack into their build server and just drop it in. Messy. Another way is to hack a trusted developer’s machine and alter the code there so that they commit it, but it might get spotted during code review. A third way is to become a developer, then yourself commit a seemingly innocuous patch containing an obfuscated backdoor. This is sneaky. Even better is to have somebody else intentionally commit the backdoor for you.
Consider this code to allocate some buffers.
void *
allocatebufs(int num)
{
size_t limit = 256;
if (num > limit)
return NULL;
return malloc(num * 64);
}This isn’t top quality code, but it’s totally safe and secure. It does however trigger a warning about signed vs unsigned comparisons. Many developers don’t like to see those. Some will even try to fix it.
void *
allocatebufs(int num)
{
size_t limit = 256;
if (num > (int)limit)
return NULL;
return malloc(num * 64);
}Now the warning is gone. And they’ve introduced a serious security hole.
If you’re a sneaky bastard, you might write the first code and submit it, knowing that a trusted developer somewhere down the line will alter it. And you’ve got perfectly plausible deniability. Your code was secure. They introduced the bug.
This is just a thought experiment, and you can dissect it with the razor of your choosing, but what I think is interesting is the paradox of plausibility. What happened? The most likely explanation is the mundane one, that it’s just an accident. People introduce bugs like this with alarming regularity. No reason to suspect foul play. But it’s the dependable regularity of such errors that make the attack possible. If people didn’t introduce bugs fixing harmless warnings, the attack would never succeed.
(There was a concrete incident, somewhat similar, although this is not meant to be a comment on any particular patch or fix.)
We’ve got the band back together and we’re ready to rock!
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There was a lot happening here. The summaries started getting really unwieldy. Just listing all the relevant names in some cases would stretch to several paragraphs. I’ve tried to streamline things a bit, but tons of great material has been cut out.
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gerc (good enough revision control) is a partial reimplementation of mercurial. Between got and bitbucket, it seems source control is back in the news. Here are some scattered notes about gerc and its development. It’s not complete or recommended for use, so don’t expect much.
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